Michael A. Capano

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I finally decided to stand out and document the bullying incident I underwent during my graduate study at Purdue University Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Dept. and my concern on the former Purdue ECE graduate school coordinator, Dr. Michael A. Capano. The form of bullying includes false accusation, threatening and ridiculing, as can be found in the letter "Concerns on the Former Purdue ECE Graduate Coordinator" (https://lnkd.in/gMG58zD8). 

This letter was sent to Purdue Hotline, Office of Institutional Equity (OIE), and the First Lady Dr. Kei Hui, and the following replying was received from Dr. Hui: “Purdue strives to be a strong institution and foundation for higher education. I am disappointed to hear about the incident during your time here as a grad student.” A brief version of the bullying incident has also been published on the newsletter website of Academic Parity Movement (https://lnkd.in/gdeN89TQ) which starts with “I am an Asian student who joined a US American PhD program in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2013”. 

It's all about the wellness of all graduate students at Purdue University, especially international students. A start-up company like Artilux Inc. already knows to value its employees and helps them achieve each project goal via reasonable timeline, sufficient supports, and objective performance evaluation. It’s disappointing that some faculties of Purdue University are still driving students with fear and disparagement to meet their personal benefits.

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To whom this letter reaches: 

I’m writing this mail to arouse your concern on the behaviors of the former Purdue Electrical & Computer Engineering (ECE) Dept. graduate coordinator. My name is Jui-Wei (Johnson) Tsai, a former Purdue ECE Ph.D. student who graduated in Fall 2020. This report is based on my experiences from 2017 to 2020, when I tried to seek mediations from the former graduate coordinator, Dr. Michael Capano, due to the conflicts between me and my major advisor, Dr. Pedro Irazoqui.  

I did have hesitations in writing this letter for the following reasons. First, Dr. Michael Capano is a full professor with tenure already, while I was just an international student with only a few connections in the U.S. Second, I’m reporting someone who used to have the authority over me and may still have influences on me either in the industry or in the academia, which means I’m going to put my career at stake. Furthermore, I have to admit in this letter that according to Dr. Capano, I used foul language during my communications with him; this yet resulted mainly from the stress, fear, and despair in reaction to his behavior, as will be described later. However, after leaving Purdue on 2020, I still hear similar stories from other international students on campus who, just like me, went through a certain degree of mistreatments in their graduate study and couldn’t find any channel to report their cases and receive proper protections. As more international students (especially the Asians) attend the graduate program of Purdue University for its prestige, I feel it’ll be unethical if I let them go through another bullying by concealing what I’ve undergone in Purdue. Furthermore, I do have email records to prove what happened to me. Therefore, I finally decided to stand out and document my experiences. 

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I started my graduate study in Purdue ECE Dept. and joined Dr. Pedro Irazoqui’s lab on August, 2013. Before officially accepting the research assistantship from Dr. Irazoqui, he told me that we had plenty of time to learn something new in my PhD research and there’s no need to worry about my funding in the following years. To comply with the funding status of Dr. Irazoqui’s lab, I was then requested to switch topic on Feb. 2015. On August, 2017, when I already co-authored several papers published in prestigious conferences and journals, such as IEEE ISSCC, JSSC and TBioCAS, I was notified that due to changes in the funding of Dr. Irazoqui’s lab and the reason that what I’d been working was irrelevant in terms of the lab’s future directions, I’d no longer be funded (and Dr. Irazoqui requested me to find TA myself somewhere else) and would be removed from the surgical protocol of Dr. Irazoqui’s lab that had permitted me to do animal experiments (although Dr. Irazoqui still demanded that my research work be validated on animals as will be seen in Point 2, but requested me to find animal resources in other labs). Thankfully, I was informed by a former graduate student of Purdue ECE Dept. that the ECE graduate school may help graduate students resolve conflicts with their advisor and provide students with proper protection mechanisms. It was that time when I tried to seek for assistances from the ECE Dept. and started personal meetings with the graduate coordinator at that time, Dr. Michael Capano. What happened in the last two years of my graduate study, however, turned out to be like a torment, which still brings me with mental depressions until these days. Here I list several behaviors of Dr. Michael Capano as an ECE graduate coordinator which don’t seem to be proper:  

**1.	Unjustness** 
At the early stage of meetings with Dr. Michael Capano, I did tell him many times the situations I’d encountered in Dr. Pedro Irazoqui’s lab, including the termination of my funding and animal resources, as described in the previous paragraph. Here’re two more examples of what I encountered, which I did also tell Dr. Capano. First, back in Jan. 2018, I sent to Dr. Irazoqui the manuscript of my paper which’s eventually published in IEEE TBioCAS (https://doi.org/10.1109/TBCAS.2020.3043266) in the hope that I could regain the trust from Dr. Irazoqui, but was omitted for two and half years (until my PhD defense on Aug. 2020). Second, after my preliminary exam on Jan. 2018, I was demanded by Dr. Irazoqui that I tape out the VLSI architecture proposed in my PhD research (i.e., to have it fabricated into integrated circuits by some semiconductor companies) as a requirement for my graduation, but was never informed of the exact date for the integrated circuit (IC) tape-out. Meanwhile, I had to pay the tuition for Spring and Fall 2018 semesters myself to meet the undetermined tape-out date that finally took place at the end of Oct. 2018. 

Unfortunately, regarding the above situations, Dr. Capano kept coming up with reasons (e.g., “Dr. Irazoqui is busy and has to take care of other students”, “He has his own plan”, etc.) and his experiences with his former PhD advisor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (For his privacy I won’t mention the details in this letter) to justify what happened to me. I still remember during that time his replies were always these words: “*This is the grinding you need to learn to go through in your PhD program*”. 

**2.	Disregarding Student’s Efforts and False Accusation** 
When I first joined Dr. Irazoqui’s lab, I did express to Dr. Irazoqui my research interest – VLSI architectures for real-time biomedical signal processing, where I focused mainly on architecture definition and digital IC design (as the only member working in this area in Dr. Irazoqui’s lab). After my preliminary exam on Jan. 2018, however, I was demanded by Dr. Irazoqui that I prove the value of my research work by comparing it with previous software-computing approach in animal studies; he said he wanted a “nice and fair comparison on animals” and then refused to discuss more details with me. It can be inferred that Dr. Irazoqui’s expected me to realize an implantable device that integrates my digital signal-processing IC, the wireless transceiver, and the analog front-end circuit developed by Dr. Irazoqui’s lab and can be combined with the software for closed-loop electrical nerve stimulation on animals. This involves not only my primary skills in electrical engineering, but also data science (e.g., machine-learning algorithms), fabrication and anatomy, and could be another PhD dissertation topic. Having no choice, I tried to meet Dr. Irazoqui’s demand by seeking animal resources and learning animal surgeries in other labs. Meanwhile, I had to find funding opportunities by myself (e.g., teaching assistants) on campus (I was not even funded throughout the entire 2018, as stated in Point 1) in order to continue my PhD program. Regardless of the time, money, and efforts I put into, I still received emails from Dr. Irazoqui on Jun. 2019, where he questioned why I couldn’t graduate in 6 years and even suggested me to **find another lab to join**. Unfortunately, after reporting to Dr. Capano the above-mentioned situations that don’t seem to be fair, he still justified them as “grinding” and simply asked me to “*work even harder, like a crazy man, to meet Dr. Irazoqui’s demands*”. 

It must be mentioned that in Jan. 2020, when I desperately managed to solve the problems in estimating the power consumption of the IC in my research using Cadence Innovus Implementation System, I was notified that **I received an “U” (unsatisfaction) grade for my PhD research in Fall 2019**. At that time, I had to go through back-and-forth technical discussions (as can be seen in the email below) with Dr. Mark C. Johnson, the director of Purdue ECE Instructional Lab who’s in charge of EDA tools for IC design, while withstanding threatening words from not only Dr. Irazoqui but also Dr. Capano (which’ll be described in Point 3). I’m grateful that I did spend time solving the problem at that most difficult time, because when I went through the review process of my IEEE TBioCAS paper after leaving Purdue (with my ECE workstation account already deactivated), I was exactly asked by reviewers with the question on the power consumption analysis of my IC; I wouldn’t be able to answer reviewer’s questions and get my manuscript accepted smoothly if I hadn’t withstood intimidations from both Dr. Irazoqui and Dr. Capano and collected enough simulation results from ECE workstation before leaving Purdue. 
 
Furthermore, I tried to apply for research in absentia in Jan. 2020, in which I could have remotely run simulations and finished the rest of paper work (including the manuscripts for paper submissions and my PhD dissertation) while keeping my student (F-1) visa status. Unfortunately, this application was brutally rejected by both Dr. Irazoqui and Dr. Capano (I could have at most 1-year research in absentia, but was not even granted with a single semester). As can be seen in the email below from Mrs. Van Winkle, Dr. Capano claimed that “*I’ll use as much time as he gave me*”, and thus agreed with Dr. Irazoqui to refuse my Spring 2020 registration unless I could defend my PhD dissertation before the end of Mar. 2020 (which means I must finish all research and paper work within 2 months, including solving the power estimation problem of the IC, which Dr. Mark Johnson and I hadn’t come up with an approach yet). What Dr. Capano accused of me in the email, however, has never happened: I completed my PhD dissertation and two manuscripts to be summitted and proposed my PhD defense at the mid of Jul. 2020. Before I proposed my PhD defense, I also had both two manuscripts revised by Purdue Writing Lab several times to ensure the completeness of my research work (this was the only way, since none of my manuscripts had ever been reviewed by Dr. Irazoqui before my PhD defense, as described in Point 1). 

To sum up everything in Point 2, if professors wish students to successfully defend their PhD dissertation and honor their advisor as well, they’re supposed to understand what students plan to achieve in their research and give professional feedbacks to polish student’s work. If the student’s work is beyond their knowledge, they should at least give students sufficient time so that students may bring out their PhD work as completed as possible before taking the final dissertation defense. Sadly, both Dr. Irazoqui and Dr. Capano barely spent any effort in understanding what students try to accomplish (and the problems to be solved) in their research work, and didn’t care about the success of students in their graduate program (including passing the dissertation defense and getting good publications). It can be seen from their attitudes that Dr. Irazoqui and Dr. Capano simply wanted to kick out those students who’re of no use to them, regardless of whether they receive the degree or not. It’s frustrating that I tried to meet the demands of Dr. Irazoqui that didn’t seem to be definite and practical, but only to be considered idle by Dr. Capano with the false accusation described in the previous paragraph, and even get pressed for final PhD dissertation via threatening and taunting words, as will be seen in Point 3 and 4. 

**3.	Threatening** 
The experiences to be described in Point 3 and 4 still leave me with distress and fear today, even after I left Purdue on Dec. 2020. 

When I received an “U” (unsatisfaction) grade for my PhD research in Fall 2019 as described in Point 2, I was requested by the ECE graduate office to speak with Dr. Capano. I did explain to him my progress as well as the problems I encountered (e.g., the power estimation of my IC mentioned in Point 2) and how I managed to solve them, but only to receive these threatening messages from him, saying that my PhD program can be terminated by the ECE Graduate School, leaving my entire nearly 7-year efforts totally wasted: 

***“If you get two consecutive U grades, you can be terminated by the Graduate School. You can apply for the third semester, but there’s no guarantee it will be approved”***. 
 
I believe Dr. Capano said these words so as to press me for my PhD defense, as demanded by Dr. Irazoqui, my major advisor. However, during such a critical time, I had to look for resources (e.g., Purdue Writing Lab, staff members on campus who’re willing to provide assistances, and even research institutes in my home town, Taiwan, etc.) and solve all the problems in both research and paper work on my own; I was never suggested by either Dr. Irazoqui or Dr. Capano with any possible channel or contact through which my problems could be solved quicker. For example, when I was working on the data analysis in my research and writing my Ph.D. dissertation, I encountered problems in the citation formatting: I already imported into my Endnote account the detail of all papers to be cited correctly, but kept seeing errors in the outcoming bibliography. I asked Dr. Capano to give me assistances (e.g., by referring me to students who have experiences with Endnote), or please give me some time to complete my work. Sadly, Dr. Capano just turned a blind eye to my pleads with the following email: 

***“I don’t know how to do footnotes in Word”.*** 

Dr. Capano, together with Dr. Irazoqui, simply ignored my pleads for time and helps, intimidated me, and even warned me of the words I’d used due to being fearful and helpless. 

I really felt like being raped and coerced not to make any voice during that time. 

**4.	Ridiculing Student’s Religion and Visa Loss** 
This also happened during my conversation with Dr. Capano on the “U” grade of my 2019 Fall PhD research. Having been in stress and fear and suffered from sleeplessness for weeks, I wrote emails to beg Dr. Capano to give me some time. In one of those emails, I put a Bible verse (Proverbs 14:31) at the end due to the strong sense of helplessness, and this is the response to my begging that I received from Dr. Capano: 

***“Proverb is the book of wisdom. Good luck in your pursuit of it.”***  

Once again, Dr. Capano rejected my pleading for time and helps in a ridiculing manner; he still agreed with Dr. Irazoqui that I receive one more “U” grade in my PhD research and the termination of my PhD program if I couldn’t meet Dr. Irazoqui’s demands and propose my defense on time. 

Moreover, after my Spring 2020 registration was refused as described in Point 2, I was suggested by Purdue International Students & Scholars (ISS) to sign a withdrawal form and leave the U.S. immediately due to the violation of F-1 visa policy (otherwise I’d become illegally staying in the U.S. and get into bigger troubles). This terrified me, for I didn’t know if I could still return to the U.S. and take the PhD defense without a valid student visa even after completing my PhD dissertation. Surprisingly, instead of advising me on the potential ways to take the PhD defense without the visa, Dr. Capano, as a graduate coordinator, simply responded to me with a sarcastic email as below: 

***“You are on track to graduate from Professor Irazoqui's group in the next several months. As Graduate Coordinator, there is no longer any reason for me to be involved in your case. Good luck finishing your work, writing a dissertation, and defending your thesis.”***

I don’t know if Dr. Capano is a Christian or not, nor how much wisdom he’s gained by pursuing Proverbs. I’d just like to ask Dr. Capano a very simple question, “HOW WOULD YOU FEEL IF SOMEONE HAVING AUTHORITY OVER YOU THREATENS OR EVEN MAKES FUN OF YOU DURING YOUR DESPERATE TIME!?” 

**5.	The Response from the ECE Graduate Program Director** 
On Aug. 2020, I received the notification email from Purdue ECE Graduate Program Director, Mr. Matthew Golden, saying that Dr. Capano stepped down from the ECE graduate coordinator position on Jul. 2020, and I was requested to stop contacting Dr. Capano regarding my graduate program. It was in these email communications with Mr. Golden that I gravely stated the aforementioned behaviors of Dr. Capano (i.e., false accusation, threatening, and so on) and my plan to report these behaviors to higher authorities on Purdue campus. Eventually I received the replying from Mr. Golden as below: 

***“You are free to report your case and him to somewhere else. However, my advice would be to do as well as you can on your defense and finish the process to earn your degree.”***

I’m convinced that Dr. Capano’s behaviors, especially those described in Point 3 and Point 4, already satisfy the definition of academic bully, as can be found in the article “How to blow the whistle on an academic bully (https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01252-z )”. Sadly, as seen in Mr. Golden’s replying, he tried to discourage me from reporting Dr. Capano behaviors to the higher authorities by suggesting me to finish my defense and leave Purdue instead. This’s how Purdue ECE Graduate School responds to students who report a potential bullying by its faculty members, which’s disappointing. 

**A Summary from Point 1 to Point 5** 
I didn’t turn to criticize Dr. Capano right after our meeting started back in Fall, 2017. At the early stage of our conversations, I stayed cautious by constantly asking Dr. Capano if there’s anything I need to improve with my manner during our communication, and expressed my gratitude after each meeting with him, regardless of his responses as described in Point 1. Unfortunately, starting from Jan. 2020, the final moment of my PhD program, Dr. Capano’s behaviors became cruel and scornful. Whatever Dr. Capano’s original purpose was, his behaviors, including threatening and ridiculing, only bring students with terror and despair, and I didn’t see how those behaviors would aid students if Dr. Capano really wished students to pass the PhD defense and earn their degree. As an international student who had invested a huge amount of time and money in the PhD program, I lived in the fear of PhD program termination that may be agreed by Dr. Capano and Dr. Irazoqui when I desperately managed to solve all research problems and work out my thesis. This, of course, took a toll on both my physical and mental wellnesses, but sadly, Dr. Capano never seemed to care about it. 

**We came to Purdue as a member of Boilermaker community to pursue knowledges and do researches that contribute to the mankind, not to receive oppressions or even bullying like this.** 

--

I’d like to introduce Artilux Inc. (www.artiluxtech.com), a start-up company I’m currently serving in, together with my direct manager, Dr. Stanley Yeh, the vice president of our company. Dr. Yeh received Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Stanford University, and has served in the semiconductor industry for over twenty years, with experiences in the top semiconductor companies in the world, including Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corp. (TSMC), MediaTek Inc., and Apple Inc. For the survival of Artilux, Dr. Yeh tightly monitors the progress of his subordinate employees; the members of Dr. Yeh’s team, including me, attend 2 or 3 group meetings per week, where they report their progress via slide presentations and have intense technical discussions with Dr. Yeh for hours. Nevertheless, Dr. Yeh always stays interested in our presentations and provides professional feedbacks through his experiences in the industry, whichever area his team members are working in (e.g., IC design, electronics, software, firmware, optics, packaging, etc.). In addition to group meetings, each team member has a personal meeting with Dr. Yeh’s per month, where Dr. Yeh asks our feeling on the project we’re assigned and any help he may provide. For example, on 2022, our team kicked off a biomedical sensing project; we started from scratch via paper studies and customized experiments. In this project, my major goal is the VLSI architecture for on-chip biomedical sensing that must be integrated into the scheduled IC tape-out in 6 months. When developing the VLSI architecture, I once had difficulty validating its functionality and worried if I could meet the tape-out deadline. Thankfully, in one personal meeting with Dr. Yeh, he encouraged me and provided me with some useful advices. With Dr. Yeh’s advices, I completed my work on time, and received the credit from Dr. Yeh in the 2022 performance evaluation. Beside Dr. Yeh’s mentorship, the workload and timeline assigned to each employee by him is also fair and reasonable, according to their primary skills (e.g., I’m currently a chip architect, focusing on the VLSI architecture design for the IC products of our company).

What’s also worth sharing is the core values of Artilux – appreciation, consistency, and curiosity. The managers of Artilux, including Dr. Stanley Yeh, expect each employee to persistently work the best to achieve the project goals and bring innovations by valiantly facing the unknown, yet they appreciate the talents, hard work, and contributions of employees to our company. As the pioneer in developing cutting-edge Ge-Si photo-transducers and their applications, we frequently encounter challenges and obstacles which may take us months or even years to figure out the solutions to. Nevertheless, the effort and wellness of each employee are always valued by Artilux; we’re granted with reasonable time and sufficient supports to bring out reliable technologies and products, and all the Artilux employees, including me, have never heard from our direct managers any threatening word (e.g., “You can be fired if you fail to work out the product in the next two months”, or “You may consider finding another company to join”) when endeavoring to make progresses in our project. Moreover, the opinions of each Artilux employee have never been overlooked, as long as they’re contributive to the team members, projects, and the entire company; we also have never been rejected or even ridiculed whenever we propose to the managers our thoughts or needs. 

**If a start-up company like Artilux knows to appreciate and value its employees, why couldn’t Purdue University do it?** 

We all know power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. The faculty members of Purdue University are entitled to the full freedom to make decisions on their labs and classes. A few professors, however, have little knowledges in student’s specialties and research work; they arbitrarily assign tasks and timelines to students, and consider students incompetent and finding excuses when students ask for more time to achieve what their advisor wants. Unfortunately, Dr. Capano, as a graduate coordinator who was supposed to be unbiased, merely demanded students to accept what their advisors are and comply to their advisor’s policies (whether reasonable or not) at whatever costs, and even imposed more pressures on students through threatening and mocking. It’s dismaying that Dr. Capano, as a professor of Purdue University, behaves like a bully who enslaves their subordinates via intimidations and derisions rather than enlightens them with professional suggestions, and that Purdue University, as a prestigious public university in the U.S. with more than 150-year history, is not comparable with a start-up company in terms of valuing and cultivating its employees. 

--

Here’re my requests, regarding Dr. Capano’s behaviors: 

**I.	Investigate thoroughly and impartially** 
Please interview with students who were once supervised or advised by Dr. Capano, including taking his courses, working in his lab, or seeking mediations from him (during his term as the ECE graduate coordinator); ask if they received reasonable demands from Dr. Capano, and if they were ever threatened or ridiculed throughout their communications with him. Although Dr. Capano is no longer the graduate coordinator, he’s still an active faculty member of Purdue ECE Dept. who’s giving lectures and supervising the researches of graduate students. If possible, please also give ECE graduate students a survey on their experiences in consulting with Mr. Matt Golden; ask if the students received dismissive responses from Mr. Golden when reporting conflicts with or even bullies from their advisors. 

Many students are coming to Purdue University for the prestige of its engineering college; they may take the courses given by Dr. Capano or have Dr. Capano as their research advisor, and students of Purdue ECE Dept. will consult with Mr. Golden regarding their graduate programs. Please help build a sound environment for these prospective students where they can study and work without feeling terrorized and abased. 

**II.	Establish resources and protocols to review the conducts and demands of faculty members**
Based on my experiences at Purdue University, there’s no such way as to protect graduate students from receiving unjust policies that may jeopardize student’s careers, and in most of cases students are suggested or even forced by the mediators to submit to their advisor when conflicts occur. For example, when I decided to sign the withdrawal form as suggested by Purdue ISS, I was asked by Dr. Thomas Atkinson (the former Purdue ombudsman) why I couldn’t accept Dr. Irazoqui’s demand for Ph.D. thesis defense before Mar. 2020 ended, and if I would take the risk that Dr. Irazoqui chose not to let me register for a later term. 

“Illinois Computer Science Values & Code of Conduct (https://cs.illinois.edu/about/values)” lists the proper conducts for faculty members, especially research supervisors. Please establish resources and protocols to review the behaviors of Purdue University faculty members by using the above code of conduct as a reference. This should also include the mechanism to assess the demands of research supervisors in order to set outstanding yet practical goals for students to meet in the timeline. As my current supervisor Dr. Yeh tells us, his duty, as a manager and the vice president of Artilux Inc., is to set high and achievable goals for the team and urge the team to do better (This, of course, includes knowing the work content and progress of team members and hence coming up with systematic plans and reasonable job assignments to maximize their performance). I believe Purdue University can, and ought to do it as well to fulfill its mission of empowering students and bringing innovations. 

**III.	 Strengthen Student’s Awareness of Academic Bullies** 
Please consider holding a seminar per semester to strengthen student’s awareness of academic bullies; this seminar should educate students about (1) the definitions and examples of bullying, (2) how to seek support on campus when encountering bullying, and (3) what to expect after reporting bullying. It’s recommended to encourage students to anonymously report their experiences and use them as the study materials of academic bullies in the seminar. Please also keep students informed of the grievance policies and complaint routes to report bullying during their graduate study at Purdue University. 

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My former supervisor at National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Taiwan, Dr. Song-Nien Tang and Dr. Yu-Chuan Su, together with my current supervisor, Dr. Stanley Yeh, have one character in common: they care about the wellness and success of their subordinate employees. Under their supervision, I’ve made significant achievements in my career. I received my master degree by taping out an IC in advanced CMOS process and co-authoring an IEEE TCAS-II paper, owing to the patient and professional guidance from Dr. Tang. As a research assistant in Dr. Su’s lab for 2 years and 9 months, I published my research work in several international conferences (e.g., IEEE SENSORS and IEEE MEMS) and journals (e.g., Sensors and Actuators A: Physical), thanks to Dr. Su who’s always willing to give students opportunities. At present, I’m honored to work in Dr. Yeh’s team to bring our pioneering ideas into patents and products. 

I’m convinced it’s by valuing employees and caring about their wellness and success that’ll truly empower them to bring innovations. 

Please value each Purdue employee, and take actions. 

Sincerely yours, 

Jui-Wei (Johnson) Tsai 
frozenraytsai@gmail.com
No, I don't recommend this PI.
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Michael A. Capano

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